LINUX NETWORKING

LINUX SUPPORTS MANY DIFFERENT NETWORKING PROTOCOLS SUCH AS :

• TCP/IP
• UDP/IP
• IPX/SPX
• APPLETALK
• DLC
• DECNET

NETWORK COMMAND

1. ifconfig : Configure a network configure the kernel resident network interfaces. It is used at boot time to set up interfaces as necessary.
2. dhclient : This script is used by the dhcp client to set each interface's initial configuration prior to requesting an address, to test the address once it has been offered, and to set the interface's final configuration once a lease has been acquired.
3. ping : is a computer network administration utility used to test the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network and to measure the round-trip time for messages sent from the originating host to a destination computer

LiNuX SeRvICeS & cOnFiGuRaTiOn

Vi Editor

What is vi?

The default editor that comes with the UNIX operating system is called vi (visual editor). [Alternate editors for UNIX environments include pico and emacs, a product of GNU.]

The UNIX vi editor is a full screen editor and has two modes of operation:

Command mode commands which cause action to be taken on the file, and

Insert mode in which entered text is inserted into the file.

In the command mode, every character typed is a command that does something to the text file being edited; a character typed in the command mode may even cause the vi editor to enter the insert mode. In the insert mode, every character typed is added to the text in the file; pressing the <Esc> (Escape) key turns off the Insert mode.

While there are a number of vi commands, just a handful of these is usually sufficient for beginning vi users. To assist such users, this Web page contains a sampling of basic vi commands. The most basic and useful commands are marked with an asterisk (* or star) in the tables below. With practice, these commands should become automatic.

NOTE: Both UNIX and vi are case-sensitive. Be sure not to use a capital letter in place of a lowercase letter; the results will not be what you expect.

To Get Into and Out Of vi

To Start vi

To use vi on a file, type in vi filename. If the file named filename exists, then the first page (or screen) of the file will be displayed; if the file does not exist, then an empty file and screen are created into which you may enter text.

* vi filename - edit filename starting at line 1

  vi -r filename - recover filename that was being edited when system crashed

Inserting or Adding Text

The following commands allow you to insert and add text. Each of these commands puts the vi editor into insert mode; thus, the <Esc> key must be pressed to terminate the entry of text and to put the vi editor back into command mode.

* i - insert text before cursor, until <Esc> hit

   I - insert text at beginning of current line, until <Esc>hit

* a - append text after cursor, until <Esc>hit

  A - append text to end of current line, until <Esc>hit

Moving the Cursor

Unlike many of the PC and MacIntosh editors, the mouse does not move the cursor within the vi editor screen (or window). You must use the the key commands listed below. On some UNIX platforms, the arrow keys may be used as well; however, since vi was designed with the Qwerty keyboard (containing no arrow keys) in mind, the arrow keys sometimes produce strange effects in vi and should be avoided.

If you go back and forth between a PC environment and a UNIX environment, you may find that this dissimilarity in methods for cursor movement is the most frustrating difference between the two.

In the table below, the symbol ^ before a letter means that the <Ctrl> key should be held down while the letter key is pressed.

* j or <Return> [or down-arrow] - move cursor down one line

* k [or up-arrow] - move cursor up one line

* h or<Backspace> [or left-arrow] - move cursor left one character.

* l or<space> [or right-arrow] - move cursor right one character.

Changing Text

The following commands allow you to modify text.

   cw - change the current word with new text,starting with the character under cursor, until <Esc> hit.

   cc - change (replace) the entire current line, stopping when <Esc> is hit.

    c  - change (replace) the characters in the current line, until <Esc> hit.

    R - replace characters, starting with current cursor position, until <Esc> hit.

Deleting Text

The following commands allow you to delete text.

*  x - delete single character under cursor.

*  d - delete entire current line.

   D - delete the remainder of the line, starting with current cursor position.

 dw - delete the single word beginning with character under cursor.

Cutting and Pasting Text

The following commands allow you to copy and paste text.

  yy - copy (yank, cut) the current line into the buffer.

 yw - copy forward one word.

    p - put (paste) the line(s) in the buffer into the text after the current line.

To Save and Exit vi

Usually the new or modified file is saved when you leave vi. However, it is also possible to quit vi without saving the file.

Note: The cursor moves to bottom of screen whenever a colon (:) is typed. This type of command is completed by hitting the <Return> (or <Enter>) key.

   Esc + shift

: w<Return> - write current contents to file named in original vi call.

: q<Return> - quit ( or exit ) vi

: wq<Return> - quit vi, writing out modified file to file named in original invocation.

Types of Shells

Bourne Shell

 C Shell

TC Shell

 

 Korn Shell

Almquist Shell

Z Shell

Command function in the Linux

THE BASIC COMMAND FUNCTION

 

 

 

Permission Command

PERMISSION COMMAND

Permission Diagram

Use Chmod to change file permission

Use Chown to change user ownership

Use Chgrp to change group ownership

All About Ubuntu

what iS UBUNTU?

Ubuntu is an operating system that is developed by a worldwide community of programmers as well as by employees of Ubuntu's commercial sponsor, Canonical. Ubuntu is based on the concept of free or open-source software, meaning that you do not pay any licensing fees for Ubuntu, and you can download, use, and share the operating system free of charge.

Being a Linux-based operating system, Ubuntu has a well-deserved reputation for stability and security. Historically, Linux has proven itself to be a workhorse server operating system, and this is where, up until now, it has been most widely used and best known. As of June, 2007, 78 percent of the world's top 500 supercomputers were running Linux, according to Top500.org.

However, in recent years, Linux has also become viable on desktop and laptop computers, making it an option for individuals and businesses. Ubuntu is generally acknowledged to be the most widely used version of Linux available, and Mark Shuttleworth, the founder and CEO of Canonical, estimates Ubuntu has between six and eight million users. Because the software is free to download and share, it is difficult to track exact usage numbers.

UBUNTU VERSUS WINDOWS AND OS X

How does Ubuntu compare to the two best-known operating systems — Microsoft Windows and Apple OS X? The most obvious way is in the licensing and distribution terms. Ubuntu is "free software" — a term which is often misunderstood to mean only free of cost. 


While Ubuntu is free of cost, the term "free software" more accurately refers to the freedom to run the program for any purpose, to study how the program works and modify it to your needs, to redistribute copies, and to improve the program and release your improvements to the public (see the Free Software Foundation's Web site for a detailed definition).

Ubuntu also includes many of the programs used for everyday computing at no cost, unlike Windows and OS X. Some examples are:

• Office Suite: OpenOffice.org, a full office suite with a word processor, spreadsheet, and presentation software that can read and write in .doc, .xls, and .ppt formats and can also output to PDF, and supports the ISO standard for electronic office documents,Open Document Format. (Free training for OpenOffice.org is available at LearnFree.org.)
• Desktop Email Client: Evolution, an email program with a similar interface to Microsoft Outlook.
• Web Browser: Firefox, the increasingly popular Web browser.
• Databases: The two best-known open-source databases on Linux are PostgreSQL and MySQL, but commercial databases such asOracle and IBM's DB2 are also available. There are also tools like Glom that provide an easy-to-use graphical interface for designing and editing databases.
• Others: Ubuntu's online Applications Guide lists some Ubuntu-compatible applications that allow you to edit images, listen to and manage music, edit and watch videos, read PDFs, connect to instant messaging services from MSN, AOL, Google, Yahoo, and more.
• Updates and bug fixes: Security updates and bug fixes for applications and the operating system are managed by Ubuntu, and users are notified about these updates through an icon in the taskbar, which they can click on to install. (Note that you must be connected to the Internet to receive these notices.)

LINUX DESKTOP ENVIRONMENT

DIFFERENCES
KDE

GNOME

DEKSTOP ENVIRONMENTfor Linux Distro’s

 - Fedora Core

 - KNOPPIX

 - Debian

 - SUSE

 - Ubuntu

 - Mandake

 - Slackware

 - Gentoo

Open Sources Application

1. Office Application

     - KOFFICE

     - OPEN OFFICE

2. Internet Application

     Web Browser

         - FireFox

         - Google Chorme

         - Opera

     Download Manager

         - Kget

         - Download Statusbar

         - Download for X

     New Reader

         - Liferea

         - RSSOwl

         - Feedly

     Messenger

         - Skype

         - Pidgin

         - aMSN

     FTP Client

         - Bit Torrent

         - gFTP

         - FireFTP

3. Graphic Application

     - Kamera

     - GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program)

     - Google Picasa (Photo Organiser)

4. Email Application

     - KMail

     - Thunderbird

     - Evolution

5. Entertainment Application

     Video conferencing and VOIP

         - Ekiga

         - Skype

         - Gizmo5

     Video Applications

         - OpenShot

         - PiTiVi

         - LIVES

INSTALLATION OF LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS

1. INSTALLATION METHOD

FTP Server - is used as one of the most common means of copying files between servers over the internet.
HTTP - web server across the network installer request from HTTP server.
NFS Server - Network file system protocol originally developed by Sun Microsystems.
SMB Server - used to provide shared access to files, printers, serial ports, and miscellaneous communications between nodes on a network, installer for Linux OS can request from server use SMB.
Virtual Network Computing (VNC) - is a graphical desktop sharing system that uses the RFB protocol to remotely control another computer.
Packages on hard Disk - his installation method requires that the contents of the Red Hat Linux /SPARC CD-ROM ( or equivalent files) have been copied to a hard disk directly attached to your SPARC system.
CD-Roms - Use live CD for installation.




2. Common Linux File System Function

    /boot
      - The startup files and the kernel, vmlinuz
    /home
      - Home directories of the common users.
    /usr
      - Programs, libraries, documentation etc.
    /root
      - Administrative user's home directory ( hanya diguna oleh admin/modified)
    /opt
      - Contains extra and third party software.
    /var
      - Storage for all variable files and temporary files created by users, such as log files.
    /tmp
      - Temporary space for use by the system, cleaned upon reboot.




3. Types of Boot Loader

    GRUB
      -Designed to address the complexity of booting a personal computer.
    LILO
      -creates a table which lets the bot loader locate the kernel files.
       -Able to boot almost any OS
    LOADIN
      -Linux boot loader that runs under BOS or Microsoft Windows (95,98 or Me only)
    SysLinux
      -It is intended to simplify first-time installation of Linux, and for creation of rescue and other special purpose boot disks.
    System Commander
      -makes it possible to choose which one of these operating systems to boot.
    Choose OS
      -Every operating system provides a tiny program called a boot loader whose job is to load the rest of the operating system into your computer's memory at boot time. It is typical of the Linux personality that it gives you a choice of boot loaders.

FREE term in Open Source Software

The first formal definition of free software was published by FSF in February 1986.That definition, written by Richard Stallman, is still maintained today and states that software is free software if people who receive a copy of the software have the following four freedoms. (The numbering begins with zero since many computer systems use zero-based numbering.)

• Freedom 0: The freedom to run the program for any purpose.

The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runable form is necessary for conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program (since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to make them.

• Freedom 1: The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do what you wish.

Includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown”, or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure boot” — freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom. This is not sufficient. In other words, these binaries are not free software even if the source code they are compiled from is free.

• Freedom 2: The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor.

This is a critical advantage for schools, perhaps less so in the library world. Whilst community members, particularly in Asia, are working to simplify the installation process, as of today inexperienced users will require support at installation.

• Freedom 3: The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements (and modified versions in general) to the public, so that the whole community benefits.

Includes the freedom to release your modified versions as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be a copyleft license. However, a license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify as a free license.

In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively change its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the software is not free.

Advantages of Open Source Sofware

• The availability of the source code and the right to modify it is very important. It enables the unlimited tuning and improvement of a software product. It also makes it possible to port the code to new hardware, to adapt it to changing conditions, and to reach a detailed understanding of how the system works. This is why many experts are reaching the conclusion that to really extend the lifetime of an application, it must be available in source form. In fact, no binary-only application more than 10 years old now survives in unmodified form, while several open source software systems from the 1980s are still in widespread use (although in many cases conveniently adapted to new environments). Source code availability also makes it much easier to isolate bugs, and (for a programmer) to fix them.

• The right to redistribute modifications and improvements to the code, and to reuse other open source code, permits all the advantages due to the modifiability of the software to be shared by large communities. This is usually the point that differentiates open source software licences from ``nearly free'' ones. In substance, the fact that redistribution rights cannot be revoked, and that they are universal, is what attracts a substantial crowd of developers to work around open source software projects.

• The right to use the software in any way. This, combined with redistribution rights, ensures (if the software is useful enough), a large population of users, which helps in turn to build up a market for support and customization of the software, which can only attract more and more developers to work in the project. This in turn helps to improve the quality of the product, and to improve its functionality. Which, once more, will cause more and more users to give the product a try, and probably to use it regularly.

Definition of Open Source Software

Open-source software (OSS) is computer software that is available in source code form the source code and certain other rights normally reserved for copyright holders are provided under a software license that permits users to study, change, improve and at times also to distribute the software.

Open source software is very often developed in a public, collaborative manner. Open-source software is the most prominent example of open-source development and often compared to (technically defined) user-generated content or (legally defined) open content movements.

The Open Source Definition is used by the Open Source Initiative to determine whether or not a software license can be considered open source.

The definition was based on the Debian Free Software Guidelines, written and adapted primarily by Bruce Perens. They are by no means definitive even as applied to software. Clause 3 is the primary legal difference between free software and open source software as such, free software is stricter in interpreting 3. Clauses 5 and 6 are not a condition of any major open content license regimes, which commonly do restrict types of uses and users; for instance, Creative Commons has open content licenses that explicitly forbid commercial use.